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What is Free Evolution?

Free evolution is the notion that natural processes can cause organisms to develop over time. This includes the emergence and development of new species.

A variety of examples have been provided of this, including different kinds of stickleback fish that can be found in salt or fresh water, and walking stick insect varieties that prefer particular host plants. These reversible traits do not explain the fundamental changes in the basic body plan.

Evolution through Natural Selection

Scientists have been fascinated by the development of all the living organisms that inhabit our planet for centuries. The most well-known explanation is that of Charles Darwin's natural selection process, which is triggered when more well-adapted individuals live longer and reproduce more successfully than those who are less well adapted. Over time, a community of well-adapted individuals expands and eventually forms a whole new species.

Natural selection is a cyclical process that is characterized by the interaction of three elements: variation, inheritance and reproduction. Mutation and sexual reproduction increase genetic diversity in an animal species. Inheritance is the term used to describe the transmission of a person's genetic traits, which include recessive and dominant genes and their offspring. Reproduction is the generation of viable, fertile offspring, which includes both asexual and sexual methods.

Natural selection only occurs when all the factors are in equilibrium. If, for instance, a dominant gene allele allows an organism to reproduce and last longer than the recessive gene allele The dominant allele will become more prevalent in a population. However, if the allele confers a disadvantage in survival or decreases fertility, it will disappear from the population. This process is self-reinforcing meaning that an organism that has an adaptive trait will live and reproduce much more than one with a maladaptive characteristic. The more offspring an organism produces the better its fitness that is determined by its ability to reproduce itself and live. People with good traits, like longer necks in giraffes or bright white patterns of color in male peacocks, are more likely to be able to survive and create offspring, which means they will eventually make up the majority of the population in the future.

Natural selection is an element in the population and not on individuals. This is a crucial distinction from the Lamarckian evolution theory that states that animals acquire traits through the use or absence of use. If a giraffe stretches its neck to catch prey and its neck gets larger, then its children will inherit this characteristic. The differences in neck size between generations will continue to increase until the giraffe becomes unable to breed with other giraffes.

Evolution by Genetic Drift

Genetic drift occurs when alleles from the same gene are randomly distributed in a population. At some point, only one of them will be fixed (become widespread enough to not longer be eliminated by natural selection), and the other alleles will drop in frequency. In extreme cases it can lead to dominance of a single allele. Other alleles have been basically eliminated and heterozygosity has diminished to zero. In a small number of people it could lead to the total elimination of recessive allele. Such a scenario would be known as a bottleneck effect and it is typical of the kind of evolutionary process when a large number of people migrate to form a new population.

A phenotypic bottleneck can also happen when the survivors of a catastrophe, such as an epidemic or a mass hunt, are confined in a limited area. The survivors will share a dominant allele and thus will have the same phenotype. This could be the result of a conflict, earthquake, or even a plague. The genetically distinct population, if left susceptible to genetic drift.

Walsh, Lewens, and Ariew employ a "purely outcome-oriented" definition of drift as any departure from the expected values of variations in fitness. They cite a famous instance of twins who are genetically identical and have identical phenotypes but one is struck by lightning and dies, whereas the other lives and reproduces.

This kind of drift can play a very important role in the evolution of an organism. However, it's not the only way to evolve. Natural selection is the primary alternative, where mutations and migrations maintain phenotypic diversity within a population.

Stephens argues that there is a big distinction between treating drift as a force or an underlying cause, and considering other causes of evolution such as selection, mutation and migration as causes or causes. He argues that a causal-process account of drift allows us differentiate it from other forces and this distinction is crucial. He further argues that drift has a direction: that is it tends to eliminate heterozygosity, and that it also has a magnitude, that is determined by population size.

Evolution through Lamarckism

Biology students in high school are frequently introduced to Jean-Baptiste Lemarck's (1744-1829) work. His theory of evolution is commonly called "Lamarckism" and it states that simple organisms grow into more complex organisms by the inherited characteristics which result from the natural activities of an organism use and misuse. Lamarckism is usually illustrated with an image of a giraffe stretching its neck to reach the higher branches in the trees. This process would cause giraffes to give their longer necks to offspring, which then become taller.

Lamarck was a French Zoologist. In his inaugural lecture for his course on invertebrate zoology held at the Museum of Natural History in Paris on 17 May 1802, he introduced an original idea that fundamentally challenged the previous understanding of organic transformation. According to Lamarck, living things evolved from inanimate matter through a series of gradual steps. Lamarck was not the only one to suggest that this could be the case but his reputation is widely regarded as having given the subject its first broad and comprehensive analysis.

The predominant story is that Charles Darwin's theory on evolution by natural selection and Lamarckism fought in the 19th Century. Darwinism eventually triumphed and led to the creation of what biologists today refer to as the Modern Synthesis. The Modern Synthesis theory denies that traits acquired through evolution can be inherited and instead suggests that organisms evolve by the symbiosis of environmental factors, including natural selection.

Lamarck and 에볼루션바카라, hop over to these guys, his contemporaries supported the idea that acquired characters could be passed on to future generations. However, this concept was never a key element of any of their evolutionary theories. This is largely due to the fact that it was never tested scientifically.

It's been more than 200 years since Lamarck was born and in the age of genomics there is a vast amount of evidence that supports the heritability of acquired characteristics. This is also referred to as "neo Lamarckism", or more generally epigenetic inheritance. It is a form of evolution that is as valid as the more popular Neo-Darwinian theory.

Evolution through adaptation

One of the most popular misconceptions about evolution is that it is a result of a kind of struggle for survival. This view is inaccurate and overlooks the other forces that are driving evolution. The fight for survival can be more accurately described as a struggle to survive in a specific environment. This can include not just other organisms but also the physical surroundings themselves.

Understanding adaptation is important to understand evolution. It refers to a specific characteristic that allows an organism to live and reproduce within its environment. It could be a physiological structure, like feathers or fur, or a behavioral trait, such as moving into shade in the heat or leaving at night to avoid the cold.

The capacity of an organism to draw energy from its surroundings and interact with other organisms and their physical environments, is crucial to its survival. The organism should possess the right genes for producing offspring and to be able to access sufficient food and resources. Moreover, the organism must be able to reproduce itself at a high rate within its niche.

These factors, in conjunction with gene flow and mutations, can lead to changes in the proportion of different alleles in the population's gene pool. Over time, this change in allele frequency can result in the emergence of new traits and ultimately new species.

Many of the characteristics we admire in animals and plants are adaptations, like the lungs or gills that extract oxygen from the air, feathers or fur for insulation and long legs for running away from predators, and camouflage for hiding. To understand adaptation, it is important to discern between physiological and behavioral characteristics.

Physiological adaptations, such as the thick fur or gills are physical traits, whereas behavioral adaptations, such as the tendency to seek out companions or to move into the shade in hot weather, are not. Furthermore it is important to note that lack of planning does not mean that something is an adaptation. In fact, failing to consider the consequences of a decision can render it unadaptable even though it appears to be logical or even necessary.